Assessment of English Language Learners - 1489 Words

Assessment of English Language Learners Alisha C. Green Grand Canyon University: ESL 533N Advanced Methodologies of Structured English Instruction December 12, 2012 Abstract Assessments are a critical tool in monitoring the progress of English language learners at all grade levels. The main purpose of assessments is to ensure students are receiving quality teaching instruction in accordance to academic and content standards. Even though these tests are not the only resource used for testing students, they provide teachers with invaluable data to determine if the student is growing in certain academic areas. There are several types of assessment that can be used to measure a student’s progress. In this paper, various alternatives to†¦show more content†¦2. Students are allowed to receive information through auditory, visual and tactile and other sensory activities in an effort to increase understanding of assessment material. 3. Students are able to work in an environment that has fewer distractions in an effort to stay on task. 4. Students are able to have directions repeated to them and have directions said in their native language (w ww.doe.state.la.us). There are not many advantages for English language learners whereas standardized testing is concerned. Teachers will have to create individualized ways in monitoring students’ progress to gain true assessment results. Part Two In an effort to gain useable and positive feedback from English language learners, teachers must use ongoing assessments. Whereas standardized tests only give information on students during a certain part of the year, ongoing assessments will allow teachers to monitor students’ progress throughout the year. Informal assessments are very beneficial in monitoring the progress of students. One type of informal assessment is the use of role playing. During role playing, students are given opportunities to speak in English dealing with different situations. This assessment will let the teacher observe how well the student is comprehends the scenarios and how they respond to them. This type of assessment is effective because it allows students to put the English language into use increasing their EnglishShow MoreRelatedLanguage Assessments For English Language Learners Essay741 Words   |  3 Pages Spinelli Chapter 5 Oral and English Language Learner/Bilingual This chapter identifies language assessments for English Language Learners and Bilingual students. Over the next several years, the United States educational system will see a dramatic increase in culturally and linguistically diverse students from various racial and ethnic minority groups. This chapter is a must read if you have limited knowledge about teaching culturally or linguistically diverse (CLD) students. This past yearRead MoreEnglish Language Learners For My Assessment1614 Words   |  7 PagesThe intended English language learners for my assessment would be primary aged students who are at the beginning level, according to WIDA. Primary aged students are students in kindergarten through grade 2, and WIDA describes students as â€Å"beginning† if they (a) understand and speak conversational and academic English with hesitancy and difficulty, (b) understand parts of lessons and simple directions, and (c) are at a pre-emergent or emergent level of reading and writing in English, significantlyRead MoreThe English Language Learner (ELL) Assessment Process Essay example1887 Words   |  8 PagesELL Assessment Process The English Language Learner (ELL) assessment process is different in each state. Each state must assess student’s performance in reading or language arts in order to comply with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). In addition NCLB requires that schools receiving Title III funds annually assess the English Proficiency of all Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students participating in Title III programs. Although the assessments may vary, the goals of the assessments are allRead MoreEffective Instruction For English Learners1414 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Instruction for English Learners Calderon, Slavin and Sanchez (2011) in their article â€Å"Effective Instruction for English Learners† consider the problem of students who are non English speakers and come to live in the USA for several reasons such as immigrants. The U.S government requires every school that has more than 5 percent non-English speakers to provide these with specialized programs. The authors go to explain useful instructions for teaching students English Language. They also reviewRead MoreThe Instruction Of English Language Learners Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesinstruction of English Language Learners and the difficulties they face with highly important progress tests. The five peer-reviewed articles, in this paper, investigate how changes in language acquisition are measured and how new regulations, in the United States academic standards, affect test practices and test development. The new educational ideals have been developed and put in place to help teachers accomplish the task of c ontent evaluation during final exams. English learners are the firstRead MoreLanguage Assessment And Language Proficiency816 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage Assessment and Language Proficiency Standard There are three main goals in teaching English as a second language. These goals are: To use English to communicate in social settings, to use English to achieve academically in all content areas and to use English in socially and culturally appropriate ways (Short, 2000). With these goals in mind, language proficiency standards (LPS) have been developed to help insructors achieve the highest level of ESL instruction. The EducateRead MoreThe Five Peer-Reviewed Articles, In This Paper, Investigate1496 Words   |  6 Pagesin this paper, investigate how changes in language acquisition are measured and how new regulations, in the United States academic standards, affect test practices and test development. New educational ideals have been developed and put in place to help teachers accomplish the task of content evaluation during final exams. English learners are the first to acknowledge that they face a lot of challenges and many of them are due to the inability of language teachers to comprehend their cultural andRead MoreEssay about Placing English Language Learners in Special Education1182 Words   |  5 PagesWhen do English language learners need to be placed in special education? In the United States, there has been an increase in in the number of children from Spanish speaking backgrounds. The English Language Learners, commonly known as ELL’s, are being placed in Special Education without being properly tested for a learning disability. However there are a large number of ELL’s with learning disabilities in elementary grades that truly have a learning disability and are over looked. Many schoolRead MoreELL Service Model As Measured By The NWEA MAP Growth Assessment885 Words   |  4 Pagessimultaneous bi-literacy dual language immersion program compare to third grade English Language Learner students in a traditional ELL service model as measured by the NWEA MAP Growth Assessment? 2. How will the math achievement levels of third grade students who participate in a one-way simultaneous bi-literacy dual language immersion program compare to third grade English Language Learner students in a traditional ELL service model as measured by the NWEA MAP Growth Assessment? 3. How will the academicRead MoreCapstone Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesExplain how understanding specific English language learners needs guided the choice of instructional strategies to support the content and language learning. It is essential to understand English language learners’ needs because ELL students face the combined challenge of learning all the academic content as other students, while also learning the language of instruction. With the rapid growth in the size of the ELL student population in the U.S., teachers who are effective recognizes ELL students

Critical Bibliography Of The Great Gatsby - 1366 Words

â€Å"The great Gatsby† is a classic novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald first published in 1925 on Long Island s North Shore and, then, in New York City from spring to autumn of 1922. This story is focused on the life of Jay Gatsby, and his mission for Daisy Buchanan. In the novel the author examines and critiques Gatsby s specific idea of the 1920 s American Dream during World War I and the Great Depression of the early 1930 s, talking from the point of view of Nick Carraway who works as the narrator of the novel. Therefore, the story takes place in the First World War. At the time, American society achieved success during the roaring 1920s as the economy grew. Besides, here was still the â€Å"Prohibition†, the ban on the trade and†¦show more content†¦Wilson, a mechanic and owner of a garage, Myrtle Wilson, George Wilson s unstable wife and Tom Buchanan s mistress, among other minor characters that appear during the narration. This narration begins when Nick moves to the East Coast to work as a bond trader in Manhattan. He rents a small house in West Egg (where most of the plot develops), a new rich town in Long Island. Here, Nick reconnects with his cousin Daisy Buchanan, her husband Tom, and meets their friend Jordan Baker. Tom takes Nick to meet his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, who is at the same time, married to George Wilson. Afterwards, Nick meets his next-door neighbor, Jay Gatsby, a very rich man who lives in a giant mansion and throws wildly extravagant parties every weekend, and who is a mysterious person no one knows much about. Gatsby takes Nick to lunch and introduces him to his business partner - a gangster named Meyer Wolfshiem. Nick starts a relationship with Jordan. Through her, Nick finds out that Gatsby and Daisy were in love five years ago, and that Gatsby would like to see her again. Consequently, Nick arranges for Daisy to come over to his house so that Gatsby can â€Å"accidentally† drop by. Daisy and Gatsby start having an affair. At his part of the plot, the reader can realize that Gatsby was born into a poor farming family as James Gatz. He has always been extremely ambitious, creating the Jay Gatsby â€Å"character† as a way of transforming himself into his ownShow MoreRelatedEssay about An Annotated Critical Bibliography of the Great Gatsby2776 Words   |  12 PagesAn Annotated Critical Bibliography of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gastby Pauly, Thomas H. Gatsby as Gangster. Studies in American Fiction, vol. 21 no. 2, 1993. Thomas H. Pauly, after an evidently thorough examination of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, is convinced that Jay Gatsby, the mysterious figure upon whom the novel fixates, is a sinister character and a mastermind regarding illegal activities. Despite Gatsby’s charming attitude and contrary claims, Pauly believes thatRead More Fitzgerald and Short Story Writing Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesDay†, â€Å"The Ice Palace†, â€Å"The Diamond as Big as the Ritz†, â€Å"The Rich Boy†, and â€Å"Babylon Revisited†. Moreover, recent literary critics, particularly in the past decade, have reevaluated Fitzgerald’s canon of short stories and now recognize them as a critical and valuable component of Fitzgerald’s work. While Fitzgerald’s stories often have common themes running through them, they are not formulaic or predictable. Fitzgerald once said: â€Å"As soon as I feel I am writing to a cheap specificationRead More American Dream in The Great Gatsby Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The American Dream is invariably seen to fail. Discuss† The Great Gatsby nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;F. Scott Fitzgerald is seen as one of the greatest American writers, admired by his contemparies and by modern audiences of today. Fitzgerald was very much in tune with the early twentieth century American culture. He is credited with capturing the ‘Jazz Age’, which he described as â€Å"a generation grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in manRead More F. Scott Fitzgerald’s All the Sad Young Men Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pageswas his sixth book. The work was composed of nine short stories that had been published in magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post over the course of the previous year. The work was Fitzgerald’s third short story collection and followed the Great Gatsby in publication on the 26th of February 1926. To most, this book signaled Fitzgerald’s staying power as many of his seniors had believed that his initial success as a writer was lucky. They did not take Fitzgerald seriously as an author. On theRead MoreAn Autobiographical Portrayal of F. Scott Fitzgerald as Jay Gatsby2000 Words   |  8 Pagestrue great American novelists. Although he lived a life filled with alcoholism, despair, and lost-love, he managed to create the ultimate love story and seemed to pinpoint the  ¡Ã‚ §American Dream ¡Ã‚ ¨ in his classic novel, The Great Gatsby. In the novel, Jay Gatsby is the epitome of the  ¡Ã‚ §self-made man, ¡Ã‚ ¨ in which he dictates his entire life to climbing the social ladder in order to gain wealth, to ultimately win the love of a woman: something that proves to be unattainable. As it turns out, Gatsby ¡Ã‚ ¦s excessiveRead MoreEssay The Great Gatsby2606 Words   |  11 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby belongs to what Harold Bloom tags the â€Å"tomb† of literary archetypes, a family of fiction that espouses every facet of the expressive use of language (everything from Shakespeare’s plays to Dickens’ prose). As a participant in this tomb, The Great Gatsby has adopted a convenient persona in the world of twentieth century literature as â€Å"the great American novel,† a work that embodies the American thematic ideals of the self-made man, the great AmericanRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the Lost Generation2099 Words   |  9 PagesBJTU’s Course Thesis for History and Anthology of American Literature The Great Gatsby and the Lost Generation | Institute: | School of Languages | | | Major: | English | | | Student: | Chen Haoxiang | | | Reg. No. | 10321004 | | | Tutor: | Dr. Zhang Junxue | | June 08, 2012 The Great Gatsby and the Lost Generation By Chen Haoxiang Abstract: The Great Gatsby is regarded as the most widely taught and widely read American literary classic. A classic is a work thatRead Moreâ€Å"the Great Gatsby Is a Story of Infatuation and Disenchantment†. How Far and in What Ways Do You Agree with This View of the Great Gatsby and One Other Novel You Have Read.2179 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Great Gatsby is a story of infatuation and disenchantment†. How far and in what ways do you agree with this view of The Great Gatsby and one other novel you have read. The Great Gatsby is a novel that, superficially, seems like the tragic story of infatuation and misunderstanding. However, set in 1920s America, it can be read in a number of different ways. This post-war period was a time of economic boom and rapid change in technological advances led to fashionable, more affluent and carefreeRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Enduring Love Comparative Essay ‘Obsessive Love Has the Capacity to Drive a Person to Insanity, Leading to Irrational Behaviour, Alienation and Despair’ Compare and Contrast the Ways Mcewan and3060 Words   |  13 PagesThe Great Gatsby amp; Enduring Love ‘Obsessive love has the capacity to drive a person to insanity, leading to irrational behaviour, alienation and despair’ Compare and contrast the ways McEwan and Fitzgerald present the complexities of human love in light of this comment. F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ian McEwanpresent obsessive Idealised love as deranged and harmful.Fitzgerald’s ‘The Great Gatsby’, published in 1925,epitomises the euphoric atmosphere which permeated consumerist attitudes afterRead More‘What Writers Tend to Demonstrate in Texts Which Explore Relationships Between Men and Women, Is That Women Have Always Been Relatively Powerless and the Victims of Society’s Double Standards’ Compare and Contrast the3734 Words   |  15 Pagesthree texts. Throughout Literature the role and position of women has been constantly one of debate and controversy. For centuries women have struggled to exert any power or individual identity through times of male dominance. The novel The Great Gatsby as well as the play A Streetcar Named Desire and lastly the poetry of Anne Sexton, were all written during the 20th Century in America. Throughout the 20th Century, attitudes towards women in the USA were changing, the war had given an opportunity

Hcr Week 8 Free Essays

Week 8 Checkpoint 1. Assault: When someone attempts to harm or threatens someone else. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Hcr Week 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Breach of Confidentiality: Is when information has been released to someone who is not authorized to have it, or without the patients consent. 3. Battery: Touching a person without their permission. 4. Burden of Proof: Is the responsibility to prove harm or wrongdoing. 5. Defendant: This is the person that is being sued, or needs to defend themselves in court. 6. Contempt of Court: This is when someone is not obeying court orders, which can be punishable by jail time and/or fine(s). . Confidentiality: Keeping information that is secret, and only the patient can give permission to release this information. 8. Coroner: This is someone who investigates a death that was not because of a natural cause. 9. Court Order: This is a written command or order that is issued by a judge or by the court. 10. Deposition: This is part of a discovery where both sides of a case can get sworn statements from a witness, and find out if the witness is credible. Also, to see where the other side of the ca se is weak so that they can use it against them to win the case. 1. Discovery: This is a legal process where lawyers obtain all of the information that pertains to a case including witness lists (and more) so that the other side can prepare for court. 12. Covered Entities: These are private or public organizations that must follow the HIPPA laws. 13. Privileged Communication: This is private information. 14. Negligence: This is when someone fails to provide reasonable care resulting in an accidental injury to someone else. 15. Plaintiff: This is someone who initiates a court complaint. How to cite Hcr Week 8, Papers

How far would you agree that Silas Marner is a simple morality tale Essay Example For Students

How far would you agree that Silas Marner is a simple morality tale Essay I see a morality tale as a story or fable that is designed and constructed purely in order to put across a strong moral message, which is cleverly woven into a story which would appeal to readers. This story may be a representation of real life like Silas Marner, or instead, just metaphors for life in general. The word simple, however, implies that the fable perhaps doesnt get right to the heart of the characters or the plot, possibly not describing anything in great detail, but achieving its primary aim of preaching a moral message nonetheless. Silas Marner has many aspects which could be seen as a morality tale, however there are also other elements which I believe do not conform to this. George Eliot lived from 1819 to 1880, a time when the Romantic period was flourishing. The Romantics, for example William Wordsworth and Emily Bronte, had a very strong set of beliefs which would have naturally influenced the context of Eliots novels. These ideas included the belief that man has the ability to be good, and if you are taken away from nature, and natural impulses, then you become almost unnatural. In this particular novel, Silas Marner is the character that puts across these views on life. After being found guilty of a crime he did not commit, Silas has a shaken trust in God and man which is little short of madness to a loving nature. Because of this, Marner retracts himself completely from any social gatherings, and in doing so, away from nature. He then becomes unnatural in the way that he becomes obsessed with his gold. He spread them out in heaps and bathed his hands in them; then he counted them and set them up in regular piles, and felt their rounded outline between his thumb and fingers, and thought fondly of the guineas that were only half-earned by the work in his loom, as if they had been unborn children. In Part I, Silas Marner has become addicted to hoarding gold, because of the fact that he had been wrenched from the loving hands of Mother Nature. This is the image that the Romantic authors put across in many of their novels. Another example of this is Scrooge, in Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol. He, again, is a miser, living solely for his work, never really experiencing nature in all its glory. Another theme that novelists of this period were interested in, was the innocence, purity, and cleansing power of childhood. This is reflected in an extremely strong way in this particular novel, through the character of Eppie. Silas has been an embittered man for fifteen years of his life. Nothing has given enough to make him change, until the arrival of Godfrey Cass child. As the childs mind was growing into knowledge, his mind was growing into memory; as her life unfolded, his soul, long stupefied in a cold narrow prison, was unfolding too, and trembling gradually into full consciousness. Silas has been almost locked in confinement for fifteen years, with nothing happening to bring him back into the real world, however, in the end, it is the benevolence of a child that awakens him. Eliot comments at this point that men are led away from threatening destructions: a hand is put into theirs which leads them forth gently towards a calm and bright land, so that they look no more backward; and the hand may be a little childs. This describes perfectly what has happened to Silas. Through this, Eliot is preaching her message about the healing qualities of children. Even how the child arrived at Silas house showed how innocent children are. Eppie toddled through the snow, the old grimy shawl in which it was wrapped trailing behind it, and the queer little bonnet dangling at its back toddled on to the open door of Silas Marners cottage, and right up to the warm hearth, where there was a bright fire of logs and sticks. By describing the arrival of Eppie in this way, George Eliot is saying that children are so benevolent that despite their innocence, they are attracted towards warmth and brightness. Eliot, like other writers of the period was also interested in discussing ideas about class, and the pride, selfishness, social pretentions and patronising attitudes of the landed gentry. She does this perfectly through the character of Squire Cass, describing him as slovenly, and with a slack and feeble mouth. His person showed marks of habitual neglect, and his life was quite as idle as his sons. The author is trying to say that the aristocracy are rich and squandering, arrogant and demanding, yet at the same time they do nothing and earn respect. The short story A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O"Connor could be viewed as a comic strip about massacre and martyrdom EssayAll this description on the plot, the settings, and the development of the characters would not be included at all in simple morality tales, meaning that Silas Marner is not just a straightforward simple tale. Eliots use of dialogue is also very unlike a simple morality tale. She spends a lot of the time including conversation between the characters which doesnt have much to do with her themes. This is very realistic of life, and realism is something which authors of simple tales are not concerned about, as long as they get their moral stance across. For example, the whole of Chapter 5, Conversation in the Rainbow, is dedicated to adding an element of realism to the novel, with traditional villagers sharing anecdotes to pass the time, very typical of a village pub. Therefore, I believe that Silas Marner is a morality tale. I believe this, as George Eliot has included some very obvious themes which she definitely wants to put across to her readers and make them think about her views. The main ones include the healing powers of childhood portrayed by Eppie, the healing powers of love and relationships shown by the characters of Godfrey and Nancy, class, and natural impulses. These ideas are put across in a way similar to that of a fable. Also, the fact that Eliot was alive during the time of the romantics, who had a very strong set of beliefs, adds to this. However on the other hand, the author describes everything, including the plot and development of the characters in tremendous amounts of detail which would certainly not be found in a simple morality tale. Even though I believe Eliot set out to preach moral messages in a fable-like way, she has woven these themes around a detailed story, which is far from simple. In conclusion, Silas Marner is a complex, yet powerful morality tale, which has had a great amount of detail and effort put into it, to make it as realistic as possible, far more realistic than any other fables. In my opinion, the themes in particular of Silas Marner would definitely interest a typical audience of today. The main example of a topical theme is the harmful effects of industrialisation. When Silas seeks his past in Lantern Yard, and discovers that it has been swept away, Eliot puts her views on industrialisation across very strongly. She describes the modernised Lantern Yard as having grim walls and being a dark, ugly place. It smells bad, and the residents are unfriendly. For example, a sallow, begrimed face looked out from a gloomy doorway at the strangers, and the whole town is a multitude of strange indifferent faces. It is clear that from this description that George Eliot is against any modernisation of rural communities, in turn, not in favour of the industrial revolution. She does this even more powerfully by making Eppie, with the pure and innocent qualities of a child, detest it all as well. Eppie comments that its like as if Im stifled and she describes the man as having a sallow, begrimed face. She is full of uneasiness at the situation, because the humanity and individuality of the town has been removed. Eppie reflects exactly the mind of George Eliot. Another factor that a modern day audience would be interested in, are the attitudes of the novelist to religion, which is mainly shown through the two main settings, Lantern Yard and Raveloe. Eliot had a varied life, and during it, she experimented with many different views of life. By doing this, she experience different views on religion, like Im sure many people would do nowadays. There is no doubt that Lantern Yard is a narrow religious sect, and Eliot does not agree. She shows this when Silas is tried for his crime, by the drawing of lots. She is sceptical of this blind faith in God, which presides over any humane decisions. The people in this town meaninglessly visited church, constantly believing that God was their only guide in life. Eliot is a lot more in favour of the way of life in Raveloe, where villagers see the church as a key part in social customs, and their attitude is Christian in the true sense. George Eliot is certainly encourages scepticism about religion, making the readers think for themselves on different ideas about religion, and this would, without a doubt, be interesting for a modern audience. Silas Marner is an intriguing novel written by an intriguing author, which can be read on many different levels. The plots, characters, and general structure of it is complex, and the themes are varied and filled with moral messages. This novel had, and still has a strong message for its readers, past and present.

Essay Examples on The Conformity View by Asch Essay Example

Essay Examples on The Conformity View by Asch Paper 1st Essay Sample on The Conformity View by Asch The Asch paradigm is an experimental technique, which is now note because of the many studies and experiments that Solomon Asch did for his conformity studies. The purpose of this study is basically proving weather the people say what they really think or just conform with other people’s answers. He tricked the participants who thought they were taking part to a study of visual perception then, Asch made them say which one of the comparison lines matched the standard one.This trial is repeated 18 times and although the length and the thickness of the lines change in each trial, the purpose does not change. Because this task it’s extremely easy, when the participants are doing it without first listening to other people’ answers they are right at 99% but when they come in a situation where there are many people that answer before them, saying a different answer than the one they had in mind, they rather conform to the mass and say as the other people did.In the main condition of the study, among all the people who are taking part in it, only one is a genuine participant who is always last to say his answer. Despite the fact that the genuine participant does not know that the others participants are told to answer in a certain way. The set of 18 trials was repeated several times, testing a different genuine participant each time. When we get to the results, in the trials, 12 out of 18 gave the wrong answer.The majority of the people have conformed not to appear different. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The Conformity View by Asch specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The Conformity View by Asch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on The Conformity View by Asch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Conformity View by Asch The Conformity View by Asch The Conformity View by Asch In fact, they kept saying the wrong answer given by the majority of the people in almost 37% of the trials. 76% conformed on one trial, minimum. 24% only, remained faithful on what they believed the right answer was. When they experiment had come to an end, Asch asked all the participants why they conformed with other people’s answer and they mostly all said they wanted to avoid criticism, disapproval and they wanted to fit in the group. 2nd Essay Sample on The Conformity View by Asch The Asch paradigm is an experimental technique, which is now note because of the many studies and experiments that Solomon Asch did for his conformity studies. The purpose of this study is basically proving weather the people say what they really think or just conform with other people’s answers. He tricked the participants who thought they were taking part to a study of visual perception then, Asch made them say which one of the comparison lines matched the standard one. This trial is repeated 18 times and although the length and the thickness of the lines change in each trial, the purpose does not change. Because this task it’s extremely easy, when the participants are doing it without first listening to other people’ answers they are right at 99% but when they come in a situation where there are many people that answer before them, saying a different answer than the one they had in mind, they rather conform to the mass and say as the other people did. In the main condition of the study, among all the people who are taking part in it, only one is a genuine participant who is always last to say his answer. Despite the fact that the genuine participant does not know that the others participants are told to answer in a certain way. The set of 18 trials was repeated several times, testing a different genuine participant each time. When we get to the results, in the trials, 12 out of 18 gave the wrong answer. The Conformity View by Asch The Conformity View by Asch The Conformity View by Asch The majority of the people have conformed not to appear different. In fact, they kept saying the wrong answer given by the majority of the people in almost 37% of the trials. 76% conformed on one trial, minimum. 24% only, remained faithful on what they believed the right answer was. When they experiment had come to an end, Asch asked all the participants why they conformed with other people’s answer and they mostly all said they wanted to avoid criticism, disapproval and they wanted to fit in the group.

Cognitive Dissonance Essays - Social Psychology, Psychology

Cognitive Dissonance Essays - Social Psychology, Psychology Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance How do human beings make decisions? What triggers a person to take action at any given point? These are allquestions that I will attempt to answer with my theoretical research into Leon Festingers theory of cognitive dissonance, as well as many of the other related theories. We often do not realize the psychological events that take place in our everyday lives. It is important to take notice of theories, such as the balance theory, the congruency theory and the cognitive dissonance theory so that ones self-persuasion occurs knowingly. As psychologist and theorist gain a better understanding of Festingers cognitive dissonance theory manipulation could occur more easily than it already does in todays society. Leon Festingers cognitive dissonance theory is very closely related to many of the consistency theories. The first of the major consistency theories, the balance theory, was proposed by Fritz Heider (1946, 1958) and was later revised by Theodore Newcomb (1953) (Larson, 1995). Heider and Newcombs theory was mostly looking at the interaction between two people (interpersonally) and the conflicts that arose between them. When two people have conflicting opinions or tension is felt between another person, it is more likely persuasion will occur. Because if no tension was felt between the two parties, or there were no conflicting opinions there would be no need to persuade each other. If you think about it persuasion occurs only because there is tension between two facts, ideas or people. Charles Larson writes in his book, Persuasion, Reception and Responsibility, another approach to the consistency theory is congruency theory, by Charles Osgood and Percy Tennenbaum (1955) (p.82). This theory suggest that we want to have balance in our lives and there is a systematic way to numerically figure it out. When two attitudes collide we must strive to strike a balance between the two attitudes. The balance varies depending on the intensity we feel about each attitude and our pre-disposed positions concerning the attitude. We either have a favorable , neutral or unfavorable opinion concerning ideas. When two attitudes collide we will attempt to downgrade the favorable position and upgrade the unfavorable position so that we feel a balance. For example, suppose someone thought of Mel Gibson as a good role model. Later on they come to find out Mel Gibson does not like football. If the person was to like both football and Mel Gibson one of three things would happen: 1) The individual would downgrade their opinion of Mel Gibson, or 2)downgrade football, or 3) downgrade both. The action taken would create psychological consistency in ones mind. These theories are very interesting and have been quite researched, but none more so than Leon Festingers theory of cognitivedissonance. Leon Festingers theory, unlike the others I have described, deal with quantitative aspects, as well as qualitative. Thats what is so different and revolutionary about Festingers theory. Robert Wicklund and Jack Brehm (1976), in their book Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance, write, Most notably, the original statement of dissonance theory include: propositions about the resistance-to-change of cognitions and about the proportion of cognitions that are dissonant, both of which allowed powerful and innovative analyses of psychological situations (p.1). The term dissonance refers to the relation between two elements. When two elements do not fit together they are considered dissonant. Cognitive dissonance can be broken down into a number of elements. As Brehm and Cohen (1962) write, A dissonant relationship exist between two cognitive elements when a person possesses one which follows the obverse of another that he possesses. A person experiences dissonance, that is, a motivational tension, when he (or she) has cognitions among which there are one or more dissonant relationships (p.4).Cognitive dissonance can occur intrapersonally as well as betweentwo or more people. With individual cognitive dissonance the individual longs for consistency within their own mind. Second, there exist dissonance between two or more people. This occurs when two people have differing opinions about a particular issue.This phenomenon may have something to do with varying degrees of knowledge about the issue or different belief systems being enacted. An example of this can be seen by taking a look at the cultures of the West versus cultures of the East. Cultures of the East value loyalty and honor. Cultures of the West have different value systems that often collide with those of the East. Between two parties, dissonance may arise from: (1) logical inconsistency; (2) because of cultural mores: (3) because of a specific opinion; and (4) because of past experience. To reduce cognitive dissonance a person

Why Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Marijuana Should Be Legalized - Essay Example The essay "Why Marijuana Should Be Legalized" discusses the legalization of marijuana. Marijuana is a type of medicine which is used in several nations from ancient periods. From the viewpoint of prescription, marijuana is illegal in the USA because it is used as a drug, and has been traditionally associated with harmful narcotics. Presently, marijuana is considered as an unlawful element at the national level and is registered in the U.S. â€Å"Controlled Substances Act†, but marijuana can be effectively used for health benefits. Several surgeons and medical investigation specialists conveyed that marijuana can be used as remedies for certain health related problems. Marijuana can rouse hunger and is useful for biliousness. Besides, marijuana is also useful for cure of glaucoma. By any extent of the rational investigation, marijuana can carefully be used under an administered routine of medical care. Legalizing marijuana can also decrease the offense linked with the drug busi ness. The main reason is that unlike other drug markets, the market for marijuana produces a comparatively lesser number of criminal offenses. In comparison with other drug affected criminals, the marijuana affected criminals represent offensive activities below 10% for infringement of drug law. If marijuana is utilized as a drug, then legalization of it might decrease the crime related to alcohol. Besides, through marijuana legalization, there is a possibility that police officers will be able to focus more on the other crimes.

Contemporary factors that contribute to sustaining stereotypes and Essay

Contemporary factors that contribute to sustaining stereotypes and prejudice against women's leadership - Essay Example Culture is a factor that contributes substantially to the persistence of the prejudice against women leadership. As such, Klenke (2011) posits that societal values continue to build negative perceptions towards women’s leadership. The idea of constraining women to the home environment is still influential. The society observes that women have a compromised leadership because their social responsibilities bind them tightly. Mainly men are more liberal since they have less social duties. Therefore, the society holds that their leadership is strong because they stand a chance of availing their full potentials in their positions. Additionally, some traditional ideologies fuel the stereotypic attitudes by predetermining men and women duties. As such, tradition assigns women simple careers like nursing, cleaning and child nurturing while careers viewed complex remains a reserve of men (Klenke, 2011). This means women can never be trusted with critical positions even if they exude distinct competencies or capabilities. Such perceptions have made men continue dominating top managements. Consequently, ideas built by these factors have led to proliferation of numerous subtle forms that challenges women’s career. Initially, women hardly earn promotions since the community view men to be confident, and with strong career orientation. As such, they are granted promotions confidently. Therefore, women’s career route tends to be still at some levels due to lack of promotions (Klenke, 2011). Furthermore, women receive little support for developing their careers. Many donors and organizations fund men; as opposed, to women since they are associated with poor. In conclusion, women continue to face extensive challenges in their career course. Values advocated by the society through culture and traditions have corrupted people’s minds hence leading to resistance. Unless the society understands the influential effects exerted by the cultural and

Direct Solar Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Direct Solar Energy - Research Paper Example The solar technologies are categorized as active and passive solar technologies depending in the manner in which they capture convert and distribute solar energy. For example, active solar technologies use solar power for transforming sun rays into electricity directly by means of photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly through concentrated solar space (CSP). The direct solar energy systems generate electricity in one of the two ways: photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power. The total worldwide capacity of CSP has been growing at an average annual rate of 50 %. However, Ellis, et al. (2013) notes that the CSP have lower renewable energy contribution as compared to solar photovoltaics. The current photovoltaic power generation is 189 GW and is produced by crystalline silicon, concentrating, and thin-film PV.Even though the conventional energy account for 70% of the global energy consumption, the current consumption patterns would not be sustainable in future because of their environm ental impact to climate change and depletion. In this perspective, solar energy is renewable and it cannot be depleted. Direct solar energy mitigates global warming, enhances sustainability, reduces pollution, discourages the use of fossil fuels because solar energy is cheap, and reduces the required transmission lines of the electricity grids, as well as improving the quality of water resources.In general, the costs of renewable energy are lower as compared to that of fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

Reflective Essay On Gaining Management Skills In Nursing Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On Gaining Management Skills In Nursing Nursing Essay For the last five years, I have been working in the capacity of senior staff nurse in a rehabilitation unit for patients suffering from various forms of mental health conditions. When the ward manager offered me the opportunity to attend a course focusing on management skills, I had mixed feelings. I was pleased to realise that my manager had confidence in me to participate; However, I felt that this would be a challenge. At the same time, I was apprehensive; would I be able to fulfil her expectations? Especially as this course was designed for charge nurses who are expected to take a managerial role. Boud et al (1985) wrote about reflection being a form of response of the learner to experience. Johns (2000) stated through the conflict contradiction, the commitment to realise desirable work and understanding why things are as they are, the practitioner is more empowered to take more appropriate action in the future. From a reflective perspective of my practice, I undertook this study because I wanted to develop my role and felt it would be a good opportunity for me to apply the knowledge gained into my clinical practice. Effective resource management in the health care is paramount as without resources, there would be no health services. Various and appropriate resources are required to function and support the delivery of healthcare. In a practice setting, there is the human resources and non human resources. Human resources are staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clinical knowledge, their skills and time. This refers to all categories of the workforce within the health care setting. It includes nursing, medical, management, domestic, Occupational therapist, administrators, patients, etc.. Therefore, this includes the skill mix of staff, recruitment and retention. Non human resources are buildings, medication, equipment methods and money. Methods as resources include clinical procedures, policies and training. For money, the resources include the cost of maintaining buildings, equipment, recruiting staff and their salaries and day today running of wards, etc. These resources should be utilized effectively in order to achieve targets at minimal financial cost, in the minimum amount of time and to a high standard. Learning about workforce planning gave me a greater understanding of assessing how many, and what type of staff required, identifying how these staffs will be supplied and deciding how a balance between demand and supply can be achieved. Workforce planning in the NHS is a challenging but an important process. More effective the workforce is ensuring better service for service users. During our study lessons, we have had plenty of opportunities to participate in group work. Within an establishment / ward situation it is important to complete the decision making process as a team. Members should realise if they are to discuss an issue, find possible answers to an issue or make recommendations in order for implementation. There must be an open forum for discussion. Given the above, there is less chance members will waste time dealing with issues beyond their responsibility. Commitment to the decision is important as this will increase the commitment to implementation of the decision. Some of the advantages of group decision making are it allows attempts to persuade and influence others, which could result in achieving high quality results. Because of participants wider knowledge, experience and data collection it could produce more possible solutions. People are more committed to implement what has been discussed and planned if they are included in the discussion a nd the decision making process. Sharing ideas, opinions and options increase the understanding of the situation and commitment to the decision. In group discussions there is opportunity to learn from the other members. The advantage is there can be a tendency for more dominate member to take over and influence others. However, a few of the participants may attempt to appear superior and dominate the group. Especially when there are strong personalities among the group members. Respect differences of opinion (Brounstein,2003; Payne,2001). Also, group members may become more interested in winning rather than investing the best possible option. I have experienced advantages as well as disadvantages during our group work sessions. It felt warm and satisfying to be a part of a group which ensures that everyone has an opportunity to be heard respecting everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea and values. It was tense and uncomfortable when there are dominators and aggressors; they were interrupti ng others wanting only their ideas to be heard. There are numerous methods by which a group can interact, these be introduced to prevent the discussions being dominated. I have also experienced differences in ideas, which led to feelings of a frustration and an unfriendly atmosphere. When you have a group that works well together as a team, negotiating will become more effective. We should make sure that our negotiations are done in such a way that it flows. The aim is to find an outcome thats acceptable to both parties. To achive this, we need skills such as: Listening, Questioning, reasoning and accepting. There are many ways to show that you are listening to someone. These involve two sets of skills. Non verbal, which relate to what you do and verbal relates to what you say. Non verbal methods include giving the person eye contact, nodding and not looking at your watch or yawning. Verbal ways include letting someone finish what they are saying, and thinking about what they have said rather than about what you are going to say next and responding to their comments. In any negotiation situation, it is important that you should feel comfortable about questioning anything you are unsure of or not happy with. There is no point in taking up a hard and fast position when you go into a negotiating situation. When this happens, both side retreat into their corners, and it becomes difficult to reason. You must be prepared to make some minor adjustments and compromises, as will your negotiating partner to reach a suitable outcome. At the end of a successful negotiation, you should both feel satisfied that you have reached an acceptable decision. You should also both have had an opportunity to express your views, ask questions and work out a reasonable agreement. If one party cannot accept the position, the negotiation should continue. I have also learnt and experienced how important it is to have bargaining skills when you are negotiating between two groups. During our negotiating exercise what we failed to do was to discuss between team members our strongest and weakest arguments and planning the sequences of our arguments. I believe the negotiation process can be summarised as a trading game. There is one way to play the game. That is to trade what we have with what we want. Through this study course, I was expected to learn various topics such as finance/workforce scheduling, report writing/negotiating skills, Recruitment and selection, interview skills, etc. Each lesson I attended was crammed with information. There were a number of skills I learned as part of my coursework, but in addition I learned a lot by going through the process. Reading relevant books and discussing these with my fellow classmates broaden my knowledge and interest in each topic. Looking at sample essays made me realise writing a report requires logical thinking and planning in order to organise oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas carefully and express them accurately. This was a valuable exercise as we write reports daily in our work area. I could use my new found knowledge and skills at work. The day after I learned about negotiating skills, a situation arose at work where the new information I learned assisted me in tackling the situation confidently. The course also helped me to improve my supervision skills in leading the junior members of the team. Many of the lesions stressed group work. This allowed me to work in a team setting confidently and expand my team building skills. I highly value the skills and lessons I have learned from attending this course and would recommend the program to anyone who wants to expand their knowledge and skills. Boud D, Keogh R, Walker D (eds.) (1985) Reflection , turning experience into learning. London. Cogan Page. Brounstein,2003;payne,2001 Nursing Management and Leadership. Ann Marriner Tomer Johns C (2000) Becoming a reflective practitioner. Oxford: Blackwell

Essay --

Antigone is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles. Antigone finds out that her brothers Polyneices and Eteocles are dead after killing each other. Antigone decides to bury Polyneices and asks her sister Ismene to help her but she refuses. The Creon, the king of Thebes, refuses to bury Polyneices because of going against the state, while his brother is to be buried in honor because he fought for his state and did what he is supposed to do. So he orders for no one to bury Polyneices. Antigone buries her brother but is caught. Creon sentences her to death for disobeying. After a while and being convinced, he decides to let her go. But before he is able to release Antigone, he finds out that she with both his son Haimon and his wife have killed themselves. A tragic hero should be someone who causes their own downfall and disgrace. By using their greatest weakness without noticing their own errors. But until the biggest catastrophe results, they recognize their wrong judging and all they h ave caused. A sympathetic character is the character that the reader can relate to and understand what they are going through. The character that the reader feels sympathy to and concerned about because they have a sad destiny. Also someone who we later tend to admire for what they have done and dealt with it. Antigone is the most sympathetic character because she cannot do anything about her suffering and what she is going through, while Creon is the tragic hero because he uses his own pride that destroys his own power and life. Creon is the tragic hero because he uses his weakness pride to be looked as a great ruler and try to ignore his wrong judgment. But this makes it worse and causes something he does not want to expect. Creon expects that no o... ...e because even if he has much power as king can have, he is insecure when it comes to choices. He does not have a side where the audience can see he cares, but instead he has self-importance and shows no pity because he is doing his own life. Antigone shows all she has got and takes risks on what she thinks is right out of love. While Creon just care for himself and actually ignores what he is doing right. Having pride as a king leads to destroying his own power. But Antigone is the sympathetic character more than Creon because her life has a fate already planned and cannot do anything about it so instead she defends her beliefs for other people and what they deserve. Creon just has pride with what he is doing to his own family and people to be seen as the best. If there is no knowledge on something done, this could result on causing one’s own destruction of life.

Internet Is a Double-Edged Sword Essay

Internet already becomes a part of most humen’s life. Most people would like to sit in front of a computer many hours. Young people would like to share their information on facebook than their parents. Knowing how internet effect people’s relationships to other people is important, because there is nothing can replace relationships in human’s life and very hard to fix it. First internet will increase loneliness. Acording to stoll, people who would like to spend time on internet will become more lonely. â€Å"For every hour each week spent online, this group sharnk by about 4 percent.†(Iso, 1) It is very easy to understand. We only have 24hr each day. When a person spends more time on internet, he would spend less time with his family or real life friends. Those people who live with that person in real life will start leaving him. However, those people who found out on the social network site will not stay online all the time. During the blank time, this person will feel lonely. There is nothing in his life. When a person spends more time on internet, enjoy his own small world more, he is also kept away from outside by internet. Most people know, when those people who are falling in internet. they will not respond to any one, refuse any thing not relate with them, not eating any food until really hungry. If any one tries to stop those people in the middle, they will be yalled or scolded. The effect is not very obsiver in the beginning. It will stack. Like a snow ball becomes bigger and bigger. Under this mode, people are selfcentered. People will be lonely by selfcenter, and be isolated by other people. Second, interenet is almost the fastest way to transfer messages and informations. It is good and bad. It is like a double-edged sword. Different way to use it, it will creat differet endings. Many scandals are released on internet first, than many people share or retwitter it. The imformation will not be able to control any more. The problems related with scandals will be solved by the pressure from publick opinion. Presidential election is a best very good example. Romney had almost as many supporters as Obama. After a vedio about a meeting between Romney and many rich supporters in a restauarnt, he lost a lot of supporters instantly. Romney and some of his suppoters’ relationships were totally over at that time. Romney tried to changed those supporters†™ mind about that vedio, but it is way too hard to fix it. On another hand, there are not only bad enddings. Those singers or movie starts use social network site to share their messages to their fans. Internet reduces the distence between people’s relationship. Those famous people would not be easy to meet in real life. Internet is the best way. Few weeks ago, there was a news related with a family and Facebook. A lady send a none sence messages on Facebook. Her hasband immidently realized his wife may suffered a heart attack. He called 911 and drive back to home. Because he descovered it early, his wife get rescued. Internet helped him protected this relationship. Thrid, internet is place can creat relationship. In 20th century, many people start trying to find their wife or husband on social network site or online games. The relationship is very to creat and start compear with real life. People do not have to scare to be refused by a girl or a guy online. No one is watching beside. People will not feel too lose about refuse. Many girls or guys will accept it most time. They would like to give a try, because the person can be the right one. The relationship looks beautiful but it is made by glass. We never know how much lies covered by internet. It can be a fake relationship. Internet is only a tool. It will effect user and their relationship to other people. It is a knock-on effect. People is one who kick it. It still people effect relationship. The only difference is the way use internet.

The Two Towers essays

The Two Towers essays The book I read was The Two Towers, Part II of The Lord of the Rings, by J.R.R. Tolkein. The Lord of the Rings mean Sauron, the evil lord who created the one ring and is determined to regain his ring at any cost. One of the main characters in the book is Frodo. Frodo and me are different because he is a hobbit and I am a human. Also he lives in Middle Earth and I live in present time. He is a part of a rich hobbit family and I come from a middle class Italian family. My life is non fiction and his life is fiction. Frodo and I are alike in many ways. We both like to eat many different foods. We both like lots of comfort in our lives. Both of us are very adventurous and like to go many places. Frodo and I are very loyal to our friends and family. We both are gentle to other people and things unless provoked. The Two Towers is set in medieval times and the Middle Earth. The land is full of many mysterious creatures like Hobbits, Elves, Dwarves Orcs, Goblins and Wargs. I think that the story could not take place in another time or place, because technology would be too advanced and there would not be enough forest for the story to take place. I liked this story because it was a fantasy. The things I liked most in the story were the battles. I also liked the devotion of Sam to his master Frodo and the courage of Frodo. I also liked the wizardry of Gandalf. One thing I disliked about the story was that the names were too similar and hard to pronounce. In addition, they were hard to remember because characters had more than one name like Gandalf who was also called the White Wizard, Gandalf the Grey, and Mithrandir. If I wrote a sequel to this book it would pick up from where Frodo was carried away and Sam got the ring. During the sequel Sam would save Frodo from the Orcs and find the other elves and warriors. Sam would then with the help of the elves and warriors take over the Orcs and destroy the ring that S ...

Child Development Essay Essays

Child Development Essay Essays Child Development Essay Essay Child Development Essay Essay 1. 2 Research holistic development and compose an history about your apprehension of this. giving illustrations of how different facets of development can impact one another. Holistic development means that each country is dependent on the other to do certain the kid develops to their full potency. Development is split into different countries. Physical. societal. emotional. linguistic communication and rational. Still each country must link in order for the kid to develop. For illustration a kid may be rational but non be able to bind his shoe lacings. This is non because the kid is incapable of binding his places lace but that he has non had to pattern the physical accomplishment. Another illustration is a kid needs to have on spectacless for school ( physical ) and other kids tease him for have oning spectacless which in bend could take down his self-esteem ( emotional ) . This may take to him being isolated from friends as he can non cover with the tease ( societal ) . he so may halt have oning his spectacless to go accepted by his equals. As a consequence of this he will be unable to see clearly which could impact his school work ( rational ) . 2. 1 Research the influences that can impact children’s development. Background: There are different things that can impact child’s development in their background. A household interrupt up can be truly nerve-racking for a kid and can act upon development as they can acquire really disquieted. The kid could respond in different ways by either floging out. traveling really quiet or could even halt feeding and speaking as they feel they could experience responsible for their parents interrupt up. Equally good as a interruption up set uping a child’s development. a child’s parent acquiring a new spouse can be besides as effectual. They may non wish the new spouse and once more can take to them being aggressive traveling quiet or non eating. A monolithic influence in a child’s development would be if there was mourning in the household as the kid does non to the full understand why that individual is no longer in their life and can once more do all of the above reactions. Health Proper nutrition can hold a direct impact on a child’s development both physically and psychologically. Appropriate nutrition is related to functional results for kids as they get older. In other words. unhealthy feeding can take to weight addition and other negative effects if the kid does non larn how to eat healthy early in life. It is stressed that it is the increased continuance and strength of the exposures to healthy eating wonts. through both hands-on acquisition and taking by illustration. that truly do a positive impact on a child’s development. Environment Childs who are surrounded. both at place and at school/daycare installations. by a strong acquisition environment that is both enlightening and supportive may better their development. A child’s environment – for illustration. his household or school – plays a immense portion in his development. Simply stated. a nurtured kid will make better than a disadvantaged kid. That may look like common sense. but you may non recognize the small things that make a difference. Some assume that a rich privileged kid will automatically boom more than a kid life in poorness. That is non ever the instance. 2. 2 Write an history about the importance of acknowledging and reacting to concerns in children’s development. Give illustrations of instances you are cognizant of. The undermentioned things would do concern about a kid or immature person’s development. If the job was left untreated so things could acquire worse. and a hold in intervention could intend that the result is non every bit good as it would hold been if intervention was started earlier. If a kid or immature individual does non speak to anyone or even merely speaks a few words compared to others. this may do concern. This would socially impact the kid or immature person’s because they would happen it difficult to do friends. work in groups or even interact with grownups. It would besides impact their communicational development because they would happen it difficult to talk to people and besides may happen it difficult to listen to instructions. Early intercession would be the best manner to react to this concern. the first measure would be to hold the kid or immature person’s hearing checked because if they have hapless hearing they will happen it difficult to hear people so will non desire to pass on with others in instance they get something incorrect. Poor reading and authorship is besides another thing to look for. If a kid or immature individual has troubles with their reading and composing it may do concern. but this may non be noticeable until the kid is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should hold learnt how letters are formed and get down to threading words together. These are the chief accomplishments a kid needs to assist them develop in all countries. Due to hapless reading and composing the kid or immature individual will get down to fall behind his equals of the same age. They may happen it hard to interact or do friends with others who are more advanced than them. in instance they are bullied etc. They would fight with their rational development non merely with the reading and authorship. but they would fight with their memory and even their concentration. 3. 2 Research and place other passages that merely some kids may see through life. for illustration mourning. Most kids may see passages ; passages can be long term or short term. Some passages that most kids may see are likely to be. get downing school or altering from one school to another. Some households may travel house several times throughout their lives this can impact a kid in that they have to seek and do new friends and acquire usage to the country in which they will be populating. Children and immature people have to do really many of their passages without anterior personal experience. and it can sometimes look to them as a dashing list of ‘firsts’ : first twenty-four hours at school ; first test. Most of these alterations are dealt with good by most kids and immature people. as and when they are ready. The experience they gain and the accomplishments they learn in the procedure equip them to cover with the challenges of life in front. The diverse scope of passages faced by kids and immature people includes: get downing or traveling school pubescence mourning parents dividing up unwellness ( their ain or a parent’s or sibling’s ) altering friendly relationship groups entry to. or go forthing. a pupil referral unit traveling through kid wellness services into grownup services coming out as homosexual or sapphic go forthing place. Young people and kids will necessitate aid and support from equals and grownups to successfully do the passage to the following phase in their life. The nature and timing and giver of the support will change depending on the individual’s demands and fortunes. Bereavement-the decease of a close friend or relation may be really traumatic for a kid. when it comes to times of alteration and passages you should give kids every chance to speak about what is traveling to go on and how they feel. 3. 3 Describe with illustrations how passages may impact kids and immature people’s behaviour and development. Children and immature people of course pass through a figure of phases as they grow and develop. Often. they will besides be expected to get by with alterations such as motion from primary to secondary school and. for kids with disablements or chronic ailment wellness. from children’s to adults’ services. Such alterations are normally referred to as passages. Some kids may hold to confront really peculiar and personal passages non needfully shared or understood by all their equals. These include: household unwellness or the decease of a close relation ; divorce and household break-up ; issues related to gender ; acceptance ; the procedure of refuge ; disablement ; parental mental wellness ; and the effects of offense. It is of import to understand a kid or immature individual in the context of their life. to recognize and understand the impact of any passages they may be traveling through.

The case of Granite Construction Industry Plc Study

The of Granite Construction Industry Plc - Case Study Example This paper focuses on Granite Construction Company. The paper is aimed at carrying out financial analyses of Granite Construction Plc with particular focus on the liquidity, profitability and solvency ratio so as to gain a reasonable basis for providing recommendations to investors and suppliers on whether to invest or continue business for the company, and finally see the various methods through which the company access the capital market. Having said this, the sections that follow will be structured as follows. Section two provides an overview of the company. Part three provide a table of the various ratios, section four compares these ratios to the industry benchmark, while the next section examine the capital structure of the company and provides recommendations to various interest groups. Granite Construction Inc is a heavy civil construction contractor in the United States. The Company operates nationwide, serving both public and private sector clients. In the public sector, th e company primarily focuses on infrastructure projects, including the construction of roads, highways, bridges, dams, canals, mass transit facilities and airport infrastructure. (Annual report 2007). In the private sector, Granite Construction Inc performs site preparation and infrastructure services for residential development, commercial and industrial buildings, plants and other facilities (www.graniteconstruction.com). According to the (2007), the company owns and leases substantial aggregate reserves and own a number of construction materials processing plants. The Company also have a contractor-owned heavy construction equipment fleets in the United States (www.graniteconstruction.com). Bodie et al (2002), defines the macro economy as the environment in which all firms operate. According to Bodie et al (2002), based on a study on the S&P 500, stock price tends to rise with earnings per share. Although ones ability to forecast the macro economy environment can lead to speculative investment performance, it is not enough to forecast the m

Public Relations Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Relations Plan - Essay Example What the public thinks of one school carries a weight that could make or break it. To cope with the demand for information, public relations has become an indispensible tool for schools and organizations all over. With this, schools can maintain an aura of trust, credibility, and cooperation with the general public as well as the people inside the school. This is important in many ways because who you know and who knows you really count in any business. A single remark from a parent could ruin a school, not enough exposure to the public could limit the number of students coming to the school, and a bad image could discourage potential students from even considering enrolling to that school. It goes on and on. With proper public relations, all those can be avoided. Communicating with the Community It is imperative that the school maintains contact with the people inside and around it. That means talking and listening to everyone from the staff, the faculty, the administration, the stu dents and their families, and the community in general. The school must strive to empower everyone with information about itself, its current status, and the status of its students. It must also increase the amount of interaction between the school and community, in effect increasing the involvement and support of the community in the school’s affairs. This can be achieved by holding meetings and events that could serve as forums where people can discuss about the important things relevant to the school. For the teachers and staff, Faculty and staff meetings could be held monthly or as needed to keep everyone updated and to provide an outlet for discussion; for parents, Parent-Teacher conferences can be done regularly to bring them up to speed with their children’s performance, any events in school to look out for, and to discuss better ways to help the children have the best education; Giving recognition to the achievers is also a form of feedback. It gives a sense of pride and lets parents know that their child is doing well, while the student gets motivated to study harder; the students should also have a say through student forums and other such activities; to keep the school in the eyes of the community in general, some of the most concrete ways are distributing school publications or newsletters, student ambassador programs, and participating or hosting community events; other ways that are important would be cleaning up the school’s image through an awareness campaign or community outreach program, instructing the teachers to be more open to students’ and parents’ concerns by offering a listening ear to them, or putting up a ‘Questions, comments or suggestion box’ (or any equivalent) wherein anyone can voice a concern at any time. All the while, the school itself provides the information in an open manner with enthusiasm and a visible concern for the proper education of the students. Crisis Management The best way to handle a crisis is preventing it, or failing that, preparing for it. Crisis aversion is the primary focus for crisis management. The school needs to look for possible crises that may occur and take the necessary steps to prepare for it. For incidents beyond the control of the school, steps can also be taken to mitigate the damage that can be caused. First, prevention is the key. Check the safety of

Information Technology (Computers) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Technology (Computers) - Coursework Example Such legislations include the Foreign Corrupt Practices act of 1997 and the 1991 Federal Sentencing Guidelines. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines of 1991 states that companies are responsible for their employee’s actions. The Foreign Corrupt Practices act of 1997 was created to recognize questionable actions among corporations. Guidelines that have been created are amongst the following: 1. All forms of communication devices or otherwise that belong to the company can only be used for the benefit of the company. Only those who are authorized may be able to use the internet but only for official business reasons. 2. Software that is needed to support your job must be analyzed and accepted by a supervisor and installed by the IT department. 3. Use of internet can provide security breaches and other harmful effects to your company’s system. Thus only authorized personal should be able to use the internet. 4. E-mail also applies to this. It can only be used for reasons that involve the company’s intention. Any viewing of pornography or sending of pornographic messages will be logged and taken against the offender. Any discrimination found in e-mails will also be logged and can be grounds for termination. 5. Any information stored or sent from company’s devices are property of the company. No information created or stored in the workplace should be considered private. Your computer and information can be confiscated at any time. I agree with these terms because this equipment is company owned. The company has every right to know what is going on with its employers and how its devices are being used. Secondly, work is work. There is time for one to play games but not during work hours and especially not with work property. Information and Hard Discs 1. First the information must be located on a disk. The wares that determine which part of the disk to read can be the application, operating system, system BIOS and a specialized driver softwa re for the disk. 2. One or more translations steps are needed make a final request to the drive producing an address expressed in its geometry. The drive’s geometry typically consists of terms such as the cylinder, the head and sector of the drive that is supposed to be read. Through the disk drive interface, a request is sent to the drive giving the specified address and permission to retrieve the sector of interest. 3. The control program of the hard disk will begin by checking if the requested information is in the hard disk’s cache. If it is present then the program will supply the information on the spot. 4. Drives are usually spinning. If the power management has been modified to "spin down" to conserve energy, the drive's controller board will allow the spindle motor to â€Å"spin up† the drive so it can operate. 5. The controller board would continue reading and translate information .It would also consider the unique characteristics of the drive. The lo gic program of the hard disk would consider also the number of the cylinder. The cylinder then relays to the disk what track should be used on the disk’s surface. Then, the actuator finally reads/write the head to the right track. 6. As soon as the heads are in the right place, it starts reading the location. It prioritizes the sector that was requested to be read. The disk would

Alzheimer’s Disease Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Alzheimer’s Disease Research Paper Essay â€Å"Five million people in America have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, and one in three seniors will die because of this disease of another form of dementia† ( Lawrence Robinson). Alzheimer’s is a disease that gradually worsens with time, and is incurable. This horrible disease is also hereditary and can cause a family much pain. I’ve experienced Alzheimer’s first hand. My grandfather was diagnosed in April of 2007 and passed away April of 2012. It was a long a winding journey and I remember all the stages of his illness really well. The first sign of Alzheimer’s is memory loss, especially forgetting recently learned information. I remember like it was yesterday. The first time my grandpa did something strange that raised a red flag. Me and my brother were staying with our grandparents one weekend I was 11 and my brother 15. One night me maw told us guys (me, my brother and granddad) to get some food she had ordered from a place called Abe’s that we were oh so familiar with. We got in the truck and headed down the road, carrying on conversation we didn’t even realize that we had passed our destination. The truck stopped at Poppies, puzzled I asked what we are doing here. My grandpa looked back at me and explained that we were picking up dinner. I laughed and said we are supposed to go to Abe’s. He gave me a real dumbfounded look and said lets go inside. He proceeded to go to the counter and asked for our order that me maw had placed we begged him to get in the car we looked so stupid. Finally my brother got my grandmother on the phone and handed it to him. She chewed him out, like a dog with his tail between his legs he walked out we followed suite. At that time in my life I had not the slightest clue of any mental illness such Alzheimers but I’m pretty sure my brother did. He stared out the window, not saying a word the whole way back as me and grandpa laughed and giggled about the incident. Throughout my research I have found that â€Å"Alzheimers is hereditary and in some studies say it skips a generation†( Mayo Clinic staff). In my case could be me that inherits this disease. Knowing what I know now I’ll have check-ups annually, not because I’m scared of dying but for the quality of life I may live. â€Å"Alzheimers attacks four of the 23 chromosomes in a human’s body. It is similar to Down syndrome just happening in a later age†( Jon Glass). In the play we are talking about, in my opinion Willy has this disease and can be important because one of his sons could inherit it. I find it strange that no one in Willy’s family is concerned or wants to take him to a doctor to find out what’s going on. Alzheimers disease is a very cruel illness and I wouldn’t wish it upon my worst enemy. I’ve seen the things that monster of a thing can do to the sick, and the loved ones caring for the victim. I’ve learned the best thing to do is to get help, be patient and love the ill unconditionally.

Theory Of Conversational Implicature To Recognize Meaning English Language Essay

Theory Of Conversational Implicature To Recognize Meaning English Language Essay Introduction To understand an utterance is to go beyond the literal meaning interpretation. It is also to go beyond proposition analysis. This implies the existence of unity of what is said and what is implicated. The theory of conversational implicature by Grice is a theory that provides an account of the possibility to give a meaning that extend beyond the literal expressions that are uttered by the conventional sense. Through this theory, it will be available to catch the attention of the speaker and catch the figure of speech within the literary work. It will be also possible to improve the communicative skill. Grice has distinguished between the sentence meaning and the speakers meaning. He looked into the differences between the literal meaning that is contextually dependent and the conversational implicature that is contextually determined. For instance, the statement of this expression He is a fine friend, may convey that fact that the speaker is communicating ironically as the speaker intends that He is not a good friend. To find out such details, it is something dependent on the particular context in which this statement is uttered. Therefore, in order to understand a message is to understand the meanings of the words that are uttered in the message and the grammatical relations between such meanings. This notion usually needs a particular degree of implicitness in the communication. This is what Grice has offered through the introduction of his principle that is called the Co-operative Principle (CP). Through this principle, it is to be aware of the entire communicative intentions as well as the conversational implicature. This is the mechanism to recognize meaning. The conversational implicature theory and its implications will be explored in the following line with reference to its capability in distinguishing meaning. Grices Theory of Conversational Implicature Grice (1975;42) has made a distinction between the meaning of the words, what the speaker literally reports when coming up with them, and what the speaker intends to mean by conveying such words. This is the notion that usually goes beyond what is said. For instance, when someone is asked to lunch and he replies that he has a one oclock class that he is not prepared for; by this, he has conveyed that he will not be coming to lunch, although hasnt literally said so. He wants the second party to understand that by giving a reason for not accepting to have lunch (the need to prepare the class) he intends to inform that he is not coming to lunch due to that reason. The study of such conversational implicatures is the main focus of Grices theory. To start with, the Grices theory of conversation provides a clear distinction between what someone says and what he implicates by conveying this utterance. The utterance that someone conveys is elaborated by the sentence conventional meaning as well as the processes of disambiguation of context and fixing the reference. The implication is connected with the presence of some rational principles and maxims regulating the conversation and this is what known as the conventional implicatures that will be explored in the later lines. The literal content of the utterance has been broadly identified as the direct interpretation of the utterance without reference to any other contextual implications. The implicature or what the speakers intends to convey or what is implied in the speakers utterance stands on different bases from what the speaker intentionally communicates. The Co-Operative Principle (CP) Grice suggests that speakers and hearers share a co-operative principle within the conversation. He proposed four maxims or four guidelines that control the efficient co-operative use of language. His co-operative principle states that it is to make a contribution as per the required levels in terms of the stage at which it occurs, the purpose of the talk, and the direction of talk exchange in which the speaker or hearer is engaged (Grice, 1975; 43). The four maxims As Grice conveyed, there are four maxims that guide the implementation of the co-operative principle in the plans of speakers and comprehension of listeners. These four maxims are as follows: Quantity This maxim implies that the speaker should avoid the inclusion of unnecessary information in what he contributes. Should the speaker go back and forth without providing anything new or informative; this is to make the listener lose interest in the discourse. The contribution is to be as informative as is required (for the present goals of the exchange). The contribution is not to be more informative than required. Quality This maxim implies that the speakers should provide all the information that the hearer is in need to understand. Should the speaker come over a significant piece of information, it will be difficult for the addressee to get what the speaker is attempting to convey. Relation The principle of relevance is so important in Linguistics. By, relevance, Grice means that, within the conversation, the speaker should involve the information that is relevant to the conversation subject. The principle of relevance is a matter of degree as there is a divergence between people as what is relevant and what is not relevant. It is not something absolute. As per the circumstances of separate situations, the particular application of the principle varies to great extents. Manner Politeness is a more moral principle than its grammatical significance in Linguistics. This maxim involves some sub-points; Avoiding obscure expressions. Avoiding ambiguous elements. Avoiding prolixity. To have the characteristic of delivering ordered utterances. To convey what is said in the manner that is most appropriate for any response that would be viewed as appropriate (Grice, 1975; 44). The request for politeness implies that the speaker should treat the hearer in the manner that he would like to be treated According to Grice, the principles that control the conversation are derived from the controls that regulate the cooperative actions of humans. Extensive discussions have been introduced regarding the co-operative principle and the maxims. The questions that can be raised here are that whether there is a need for more or not. It is to be argued that whether these principles are normative or descriptive. Also, it is to be argued whether these principles are assumed to be observed by the speakers or hearers in rational communications or that they are tools for rational construction. A later argument that can be raised is that whether the co-operative principle needs from the part of speakers or hearers cooperation towards a more common goal and not to be restricted to understanding of what is said. It is clear that Grice gives to these principles a vital role in both of the definition and the interpretation of conversational implicatures. According to Grice, coherence and purposefulness are two major characteristics of verbal exchanges. Verbal exchanges are not a continuum of disconnected remarks (Grice, 1975; 45). The participants who are engaged in the talk-exchange cooperate in terms of the goal and purpose of the exchange and their mutual grasp of the maxims or rules of conversation that bring out what is appropriate or inappropriate to the talk-exchange. Speakers may intentionally break the rules or maxims. For example, speakers may say things, in a talk-exchange, which they dont believe (violating the maxim of quality) or may render a weak judgment of what the hearer knows (violating the maxim of quantity). The crucial factor in distinguishing between conversational implicatures and conventional implicatures, according to Grice, is that conversational implicatures are calculable. Conventional implicatures are given by the meaning of particular particles such as but or therefore. The difference between (1) and (2) can be seen: He is an American, therefore he is open-minded. He is an American, and he is open-minded. His being open-minded comes from his being American. In (1) and (2), the speaker conveys the same meaning in accordance with Grice. But, there is a difference that with (1), the speaker implicates (3). This is what is called conventional implicature. This has to do with the conventional meaning and has nothing to do with the maxims of cooperation that extend beyond what is being said. Conventional implicature is the greatest part that has undergone argumentation in the theory of conversation. This can be attributed for many reasons. One reason is that its application to particular examples goes against common intuitions. Also, the notion of conventional implicatures sheds light on the distinction between what is informed, directed by the semantic conventions of the language, and what is implicated, usually conceived as a subject of inference to the speakers intentions through his sayings. The conventional meaning of a sentence has largely to do with what is said and this is essentially different from implicatures. Eventually, it positions the study of conventional meaning for certain utterances inside the boundaries of pragmatics that is interested in the study of implicatures, rather than semantics that is realized as the dwelling of conventional meaning. In addition to the notion of conversational implicatures, Grice distinguished between what are called particularized and generalized implicatures. The particularized are implicatures that are produced by saying something with reference to some specific features of the context. The generalized implicature takes place where the use of specific forms of words in an utterance will carry a sort of implicature (Bach, 1994; 162). The example that was provided by Grice; Y is meeting a woman this morning. In the absence of special conditions, it will be implicated that this woman is a woman other than Ys wife, mother, sister, or friend. In appropriate circumstances, this implicatures can be ignored due to the availability of some contextual information. On the other hand, particularized conversational implicatures export more than one application. Such applications include tautologies, metaphor, irony, and any non-conventional uses that can be accounted for through them. The theory of implicature is counted to be significant. It is a very important theory in pragmatics. Sentence meaning and speakers meaning Grice believes that speakers meaning is a fundamental concept in communication, and that the meaning of the sentence can be explained by means of it. This notion contrasts with what can be called the truth-conditional theory whose proponents believe that the meaning of a sentence can be given through truth conditions and this should have the priority in explaining the meaning conveyed by the speaker. Grice (1975) was much concerned with the types of meaning that can be existed in language. Two types of meaning have been identified; the natural meaning and the nonnatural meaning. This example is adopted from Grice (1975; 337) The three rings of the bell mean that the bus is occupied The three rings of the bell mean that the bus is occupied, and indeed, the bus is occupied. The three rings of the bell mean that the bus is occupied, but indeed, the conductor was wrong and the bus is not occupied. In the above three examples, there is a nonnatural relationship between the three arguments of rings, bell, and bus. The relationship between the signal and intended meaning is what conveys the meaning. No natural reason can be found for such assumption. Why in particular the three rings, not one or two, denote that the bus is full. This notion is termed by Grice as (meaning NN). Grice contends that the non-natural meaning occupies a great part in the language. Communicative intentions According to Grice, word-meaning and sentence-meaning are basically rested upon what is called speakers intentions. This notion is called by Grice as the communicative intentions. Grice has worked much upon the idea of the ontology of semantic notions. In his perception, the characteristics of communicative intentions and the mental forces beyond the communicative actions, and what the listener has to understand in order for the communicative act to success are the pillars of the semantic ontology. As realized, the communicative intentions have the following characteristics; Communicative intentions are directed towards some other agent; i.e. to the addressee. Communicative intentions are overt. They are targeted to be identified by the addressee. Satisfaction of communicative intentions lies mainly in being identified by the addressee. The important conclusion that can be derived from the above facts is that the communicative intentions have much to do with being recognized by the addressee. Meaning recognition Much of Grices work (1975) consisted mainly in shedding light on the difference between what is conveyed literally in a given sentence and what is solely suggested in an utterance of the same sequence of words. To distinguish between the two, Grice (1975; 55) used the terms implicate and implicature with referring to content of the utterance that is linguistically coded as WHAT IS SAID. What is said within a sentence and what is implicated in an utterance in the same string of words in that sentence is what is known as the TOTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AN UTTERANCE (Grice, 1989; 41). Implicature refers to a collection of ways that is used to convey the literally unsaid information. To graphically represent the relationships between these notions, the following diagram can be represented: Total significance of an utterance What is said what is implicated Conventional nonconventional Conversational nonconversational Generalized particularized The concern will be with the conventional implicature and the two kinds of conversational implicature. When it comes to conventional implicature, the conventional meaning of the given words will specify the implication or what is implicated in addition to helping in identifying what is said (Grice, 1975; 55). An example form Grice (1975;56) of conventional implicature can be considered. The following example is meant conventionally to have an implication rather than to literally say that the mans being open-minded comes from his being an American: He is and American; he is, therefore, open-minded The existence of the lexical item therefore has to give prominence to the conventional implicature in the above example. Conventional implicature are generated by certain hints of discourse rather than the literal meaning or the conventional meaning of a give word (Grice, 1989; 30). These features can be explored in the following points: The cooperative principle governs the linguistic exchanges. The content of the cooperative principle is elaborated in terms of the four maxims of conversation and their submaxims. In a given exchange, should one participant deviates from the cooperative principle, his parteners will assume that the principle is adopted at some deeper level. A fifth point that for Grice is the understanding of the intercultural process as it raises the awareness of the participants regarding what they have in common in terms of the four factors. According to Sperber and Wilson (1989; 45), there is no a true warranty in the assumption of mutual knowledge. Sperber and Wilson convey that the notion of mutual knowledge has no close counterpart in the real world. Instead, they suggest that, the communication process is the essential beyond the joint information. They also suggest that the communication is achieved if there is shared information between the participants. Meaning as Use The major contribution of Grice concentrated on making distinction between the semantic and pragmatic implications. Meaning as use points to the speakers meaning and what the speaker intends as well as the communicative influence of the utterance. This perspective of meaning is sound since the function of language is to serve a purpose. It other words, language is purposeful, i.e. when speaking an utterance; it is intended to achieve specific ends. Therefore, language as use includes making choices about the suitable linguistic forms that are appropriate to the communicative situation and the cultural context. The view of meaning is based the tenet that that language is an instrument of social interaction and communication. As per this tenet, there is an emphasis on the principles that determine the way in which language operates in the daily life. Hereby, meaning is regarded as a pragmatic phenomenon that has multiple uses governed by tacit principles. The application of these principles relies on the communicative setting, social bonds, and the cultural context. Meaning as use is not directly concerned with the word or sentence in itself. It, rather, depends on the utterance that is defined in respect of a speech act. The speech act has three criteria to define it; it is defined as a locutionary act, an illocutionary force, and it is finally defined as perlocutionary event. Such criteria can be accounted for in respect of the utterance. For example; Semantics has many benefits In a particular context, this is a locutionary act. There is an articulation of phonemes, words, and syllables so that a certain linguistic meaning can be encoded. In terms of the linguistic communication rules, there is a message and purpose for the utterance. If this utterance is said by the professor to the student, it is then an act of persuasion. Also, this utterance is a perlocutionary event as it entails the supposition of some reaction or consequence. The consequence may take place as more positive attitude to linguistics. It is normally perceived that giving an advice has the expectation that this advice will be responded positively and not rudely. To cut this long story short, it can be said that the utterance generates a link between the speaker, the hearer, and the message. Not only does the speaker encodes the meaning and the message from the linguistic perspective, but also it has an impact on the action through the use of language. So, the definition of the speech act comprises to utterance characteristics; encoding the meaning by the speaker in the manner of a mental representation and the decoding of the communicative function by the listener. Hereby, natural language is described as both a social and psychological phenomenon. On the psychological basis, it is communicative language that makes people able to communicate in an effective manner by the means of verbal means (Chomsky, 1975). The communicative competence comprises both of the grammatical skills and the sociolinguistic skills. The sociolinguistic skills involve the rules of social bonds and interaction in the light of the cultural conventions and values. On the other hand, the communicative competence involves a mix of the pragmatic and grammatical competence. Functional Grammar Functional grammar (FG) implies that notion that elements of language are studied with reference to their function in the language. Functional grammar thus investigates language function from the perspective of communicative context. It concentrates on the grammatical data generating from the social communication. According to the functional grammar, language is an elaborate system of meanings that are realized as semantic constituents together with the other grammatical categories. This is considered a synesic approach to grammar study rather than a syntactic one. Linguistic forms are not an end in themselves, but they are a means to an end. Thus, it vane be realized that functional grammar model is referred to a semantic system mixed with the linguistic forms through which meanings are realized. For functional grammar, every language is centered on two fundamental meaning components; the ideational and interpersonal metafunctions. By means of the ideational metafunction, it is to acquire knowledge and learning about the surrounding world and to communicate ones experiences. By means of the interpersonal metafunction, language is used to establish and keep relationships with others. Both of the interpersonal and ideational metafunctions are representation of the universal use of language. It is to control and understand the surrounding environment. Together with these two components, it the third element which is called meaning or the textual metafunction. Through the textual metafunction, the language user has the tools for arranging information in coherent passages. Intercultural interaction Sperber and Wilson (1995) report that individuals who speak the same language and who belong to the same linguistic community do not have the same assumptions. It can be argued that the principle of common knowledge cannot be completely supported and idea of shared knowledge is too ambiguous. Ostension is a fundamental point in the theory of Sperber and Wilson. Ostension means when a speaker makes something that draws the attention of the other participants within the discourse. Also, there is what is known as the theory of relevance that is an act of Ostension bears a guarantee of relevance and this principle of relevance makes the intention beyond the Ostension more manifest. This guarantee is not intended to mean that the assumption implies the notion of mutual manifestation or that the communicative intent will not be a failure. The main function of the guarantee is that something relevant is at hand. The point of manifests occupies a significant position within the theory of Sperber and Wilson. Manifest is what is recognizable or inferable but not necessarily recognized or perceived. To apply manifests, it is to extend from facts to all assumptions. Assumptions can be defined as what individuals think of as a representation of the real world. This stands on a contradictory basis with the fictions and desires. It is possible to make assumptions, but assumptions cannot be made without activation within the conversation process. It can be assumed that Osama Bin Laden has never played tennis with the American President Bush, but this assumption cannot be made real without being activated. According to Sperber and Wilson, it is available to suggest that mutual manifests are available and are not implausible like the notions of mutual knowledge and mutual assumptions. Mutual cognitive environment is very close to the notion of mutual manifests that can be defined as any joint cognitive environment that is manifest that it is shared by people. That two people have the same cognitive environment does not mean that they have similar assumptions, but they are placed to do so. One of the needed outcomes of the intercultural communication is to increase the range of mutual knowledge of others assumptions. What the conversation involves in terms of the activation and mutual bases depends on the appreciations of the parties participating in the conversation and their skill as well as their continuous negotiation. The relationship between conversational structure and thought In general, it is obvious that what the conversationalist spreads, intents, or says in the articulation is out-of- the-way beyond the meanings of the sentence in the context of the articulation. This relates to semantic meaning of the context of pronunciation. However, it is debatable which cases suit this description. The quantifier domain restriction is one of these debatable cases. Suppose, a person is standing in his house after a party, he says to his wife in a gloomy way, Every bottle is empty. What is not debatable is that his conveyance through this articulation is not meant that every bottle in the universe is empty, but that every bottle in his house is empty. The debatable question is how this phenomenon should be elaborated. It could be mentioned that the sentence Every bottle is empty is sensitive to context and it indicates to a variant proposition relative to variant contexts of articulation. For instance, this might be due to the logical form of the sentence involves a variable whose value is the domain of quantification, and the importance of this variable differs according to contexts of articulation (John David Yule, 1985). In comparable, the sentence, in terms of pragmatics, to the letter means (semantically expresses) the wrong suggestion that every bottle in the universe is empty and there is some other non-semantic elaboration of the fact that in this event I am able to transfer the limited suggestion that every bottle in the flat is empty. Remarkable intuitive support for the pragmatic method exists for addressing these cases; after all, it is right that my wifes reply could be well, every bottle isnt empty; our guests just drunk all of the soft beverages in our flat. Surly, there is sense in which this reply achieves the things aimed at, although it is not useful; the pragmatic method has an excellent elaboration of this in terms of its claim that the original sentence is wrong in a literal sense. One who follows the pragmatic method has to say how a proposition P can be transferred by an articulation of a sentence, which, in the context, its meaning differs from the proposition P. This elaboration is provided in terms of specific rules running conversation, according to a Grecian version of the pragmatic method. The idea of Grice was that a person can transfer, in some articulation, a proposition by implicating it in a conversational way. Conversationally, a person involves a proposition p by an articulation when (nearly) the coming three conditions are met. The first, the talker is hypothesized to be collaborative in the sense that he is pursuing the maxims of conversation. Secondly, the supposition the conversationalist thinks p is needed to make his articulation match with the maxims of conversation. Thirdly, the conversationalist believes that (2) is right. 1 in the existing case, the articulation of a sentence, which means every bottle (in the universe) is empty, is an a rticulation of a sentence that is clearly wrong, and so breaks the Maxim of Quality. Thus, if we are to presume that the conversationalist is being collaborative, we have to presume that the conversationalist was seeking to get across some discrete, not clearly wrong, suggestion. In addition, it appears possibly that this suggestion should be related to the clearly wrong one that was literally indicated by the sentence; given the context, every bottle in the flat is empty is the proposition, which is the clear-cut option. Language Use Thought In the event of quantifier domain restriction, the elaboration of the phenomena can be created in events of applying language outside of conversations. Uses of language in thought are the most significant of such events. Assume that my before the end of the party, my wife went to sleep and that after leaving the last invitee, I say in a gloomy way to me every bottle is empty. Fascinatingly, this case looks parallel to the case mentioned above, in which I apply the same sentence in speaking. Just naturally, it would be represented the case as the one in which I said to myself that every bottle in the flat was empty since it would be to provide the identical description of my pronunciation, in speaking, of the similar sentence to my wife. However, it doesnt appear open, in spite of this resemblance to the same elaboration: sitting lonely after the party I was not involved in a speaking, and therefore was not expose to the maxims of conversation. In addition, this appears raise a doubt about the original Gricean elaboration of the articulation to my wife. An elaboration, which relays on characteristics limited to one, is ad hoc to the degree that the phenomena look the similar. According to the proponents of Grice, thinking is a type of conversation with oneself and thus it is ruled by the same maxims as conversations of several parties? Not very plausible. My use of Every bottle is empty during speaking with my wife carried the limited suggestion that every bottle in the flat is partly empty, Since I believed that she was able to see that the presumption, in which I thought this and needed to convey it by my articulation, was needed to make my articulation match with the traditions ruling the conversation. However, the use of Every bottle is empty in thinking cannot provide the same elaboration. Despite we offer that I count as the audience of my own articulation here, we should ask: is it actually the case that I am capable of applying this sentence to say to myself that every bottle in the flat is empty, just due to thinking that I am able to solving that the presumption, in which I think of this, is required to conform my articulation to myself with the traditions of conversation, and because of thinking additionally that I am aware that I am able to solving that I think this? From time to time, I could carry these surprising thoughts, although it just appears that I need to apply every bottle is empty in thought to have in mind that every bottle in the flat is empty. The debate, which proposed against the elaboration of Gricean of quantifier domain restriction, is simple: firstly, quantifier domain restriction occurs in uses of language in thought along with in communication. Secondly, the phenomena seem to be similar and thus they worth an integrated elaboration. Thirdly, the elaboration of Gricean doesnt hold good for cases of quantifier domain restriction in uses of language in thought. Hence, fourthly, instances of quantifier domain restriction in communication is also failed to be explained by the Griceans elaboration. Semantics that is based on Intentions An intention based semantics that is to say, a semantical theory according to which the meaning of an articulation is illustrated in terms of the psychological condition is meant to generate in an audience was proposed by Grice. The applying of language to communicate is concentrated by such semantics (Spencer et al, 2002; 74-91). Thus, Grice starts to make a try to separate a special type of meaning and he named this communicative meaning, or non-natural meaning (meaningNN). Natural vs. Non-natural meaning Natural Meaning [Non-cognitive meaning] Those spots mean rubella. Those didnt mean anything to me, but they meant rubella to the doctor. The recent budget indicates that we shall experience a tough year. Non-natural Meaning (MeaningNN) [Communicative meaning] Three rings on the bell indicate that the bus is complete. That note, Smith couldnt dispense with his problem and struggle, indicated that Smiths wife was more necessary to him. Grices attempt is to generate an account of meaningNN. Tests for MeaningNN Entailment X means that p necessitate that p, in cases of natural meaning, while in cases of meaningNN, there is no such necessity. For instance: Those spots denote rubeola, however he hasnt got rubella is self-conflicting. The three rings on the bell indicate that the bus is complete, however the bus isnt